What are "shock marks" on the tail of an eyas hawk likely indicative of?

"Shock marks" on the tail of an eyas hawk are indicative of a variety of stressors, which can include malnutrition, stress from being removed from the nest, and the presence of external parasites.

When eyas hawks are underweight or not receiving adequate nutrition prior to capture, the feathers can display abnormal growth patterns or damage, leading to what are recognized as shock marks. These marks are also noted when a bird experiences the significant stress of being taken from its natural environment, potentially affecting feather integrity. Furthermore, external parasites can contribute to feather damage as they may irritate the skin, leading to improper feather development or loss.

Thus, considering that shock marks can hint at multiple underlying issues affecting the hawk's well-being, it is accurate to say that they could indicate malnutrition, stress from removal, and parasitic infestations simultaneously. This multifaceted nature of shock marks is reflected in the choice indicating that all the options relate to their presence.